Management studies

All India Institute of Management Studies (AIIMAS), is an independent educational institute conducting distance education programme The of the monastery was usually located over the. Artificial light was forbidden, for fear it may damage the manuscripts. There were five types of scribes:Calligraphers, who dealt in fine book production Copyists, who dealt with basic production and correspondence Correctors, who collated and compared a finished book with the manuscript from which it had been produced Illuminators, who painted illustrations Rubricators, who painted in the red letters

The bookmaking process was long and laborious. The parchment had to be prepared, then the unbound pages were planned and ruled with a blunt tool or lead, after which the text was written by the, who usually left blank areas for illustration and. Finally the book was bound by the. Desk with chained books in the of.Different types of ink were known in antiquity, usually prepared from soot and gum, and later also from nuts and This gave writing the typical brownish black color, but black or brown were not the only colors used. There are texts written in red or even gold, and different colors were used for illumination. Sometimes the whole parchment was colored purple, and the text was written on it with gold or silver (eg)

Irish monks introduced spacing between words in the seventh century. This facilitated reading, as these monks tended to be less familiar with Latin. However the use of spaces between words did not become commonplace before the 12th century. It has been argued, that the use of spacing between words shows the transition from semi-vocalized reading into silent reading.
The first books used (calf skin) for the pages. The book covers were made of wood and covered with leather. As dried parchment tends to assume the form before processing, the books were fitted with clasps or straps. During the later, when public libraries appeared, books were often chained to a bookshelf or a to prevent theft. The so called libri catenati were used up to 18th century.

At first books were copied mostly in monasteries, one at a time. With the rise of universities in the 13th century, the of the time lead to an increase in the demand for books, and a new system for copying books appeared. The books were divided into unbound leaves (pecia), which were lent out to different copyists, so the speed of book production was considerably increased. The system was maintained by guilds, which were secular, and produced both religious and non-religious material. has kept the art of the scribe alive up to the present. According to Jewish tradition, the scroll placed in a must be written by hand on parchment, and a printed book would not do (though the congregation may use printed prayer books, and printed copies of the Scriptures are used for study outside the synagoguge). A (scribe) is a highly respected member of any observant Jewish